What Are Some of the Workforce Trends That Coca-Cola Needs To Address Free Essay Example, 750 words

It is evidently clear from the discussion that the workplace trends that Coca-Cola reportedly recognizes and addresses include the following: compliance with local hours of work, contract labor issues, and workplace safety, to name a few. For instance, under hours of work, the company announced looking into situations necessitating overtime work and finds out ways to minimize these. As noted, reducing overtime can increase employee morale and decrease quality incidents thereby improving business results and fostering a Great Place to Work . Moreover, for contract labor issues, the organization has designed a Supplier Guiding Principles to govern the action of external labor agencies and ensure adherence to ethical standards. Finally, the organization affirms a commitment to workplace safety through their Human Rights Policy. As emphasized, our Human Rights Policy demands we take responsibility for maintaining a productive workplace by working to minimize the risk of accidents, inj ury, and exposure to health risks for all of our associates and contractors . Similar organizations which could be used as benchmarks for addressing workforce trends are those private organizations who were recognized as included among Fortune s list of top 10 list of most admired companies, of which Coca-Cola ranked number 10.We will write a custom essay sample on What Are Some of the Workforce Trends That Coca-Cola Needs To Address or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page As noted, Coca-Cola has the financial muscle and management expertise to address the ongoing secular changes in the industry, which will support its long-term performance as the company continues to invest behind its brands in an attempt to strengthen and diversify its product portfolio, its revenue growth will improve . Thus, there are still growth prospects seen to be evident in the beverage industry.

The Foster Care System Is A Growing Problem With The...

As of 2014, 415,129 children were in foster care and increased from 2012. The foster care system is a growing problem with the problem of trauma and educational needs. In three journal articles that are discussed, the problems are taken into studies to try and improve the foster care system. In the journal article, â€Å"Caregivers, School Liaisons, and Agency Advocates Speak Out about the Educational Needs of Children and Youths in Foster Care†, they discussed the educational need of children in foster care. 40% of children entering foster care for the first time reunify with their parents less than 12 months. As for the others, they are trapped in the foster system until they age out at 18 years old. One in four of the youth who age out are†¦show more content†¦The school liaisons focus group focused on school stability, teamwork with the home, teamwork with child welfare (CW), and foster youth needs. The agency advocates focus group focused on concerns about the CW education liaison position, foster youth needs, problems dealing with schools, and recommendation for improving services. In the discussion section of the study the discussed how everything went in the study and how the results turned out. All three sets of participants recognized that stude nts in foster care experience serious academic, social, and behavioral problems in the school setting. Each of the groups thought that all of the groups could work together better on how to bring foster kids more success. In the journal article, â€Å"Foster Care Youth Share Stories of Trauma Before, During, and After Placement: Youth Voices for Building Trauma-Informed Systems of Care†, they discussed people’s stories about the trauma in their life before, during, and after foster care placement. 19% of current foster care youth show clinically significant posttraumatic stress symptoms. (Kolko et al., 2010) Complex trauma includes youth exposure to multiple kinds of family trauma, such as physical, sexual, and emotional abuse, as well as neglect and domestic violence. Over 2,000 children and youth who lived in foster care, over 70% met the criteria for complex trauma. One third of foster alumni reports some maltreatment during foster care. Trauma scores are the highest for youngShow MoreRelatedA Link Between Foster Care Placement During Childhood And Adult Delinquency1348 Words   |  6 Pagesconducted in Sweden has shown a link between foster care placement during childhood and adult criminality. Two groups were identified, a control group and a treatment group. The control group consisted of individuals that were the same age and gender of the treatment group. The results showed that foster care predicts higher adult criminality for males first placed during adolescence (ages 13–18). No significant association for boys who were placed in foster care before age 13 and no significant associationRead MoreChildhood Trauma And How The Environment Affects Their Learning1452 Words   |  6 PagesScientific research over the last 20 years has demonstrated that repeated exposure to trauma and chronic stress in early childhood can impair brain development. For my research I have chosen the topic: Childhood Trauma and how the environment affects their learning. Increasing the quality of service and their stability help to foster positive responsive relationships with nurturing caregivers. As children struggle it is important for us to identify environmental facto rs and triggers that have anRead MoreM3 Research Design Critique Report1596 Words   |  7 Pagesthan 15. Most importantly, the problem being studied should be clearly stated and understood by the participants. Next researchers need to construct a well written survey tool to ensure that the data is reliable which would consist of structured items, precise questions and questions that consists of one concept. Finally, the data must be analyzed, and the final research report be written Educational Supports for Middle School Youths Involved the Foster Care System The purpose of this study wasRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of Foster Care3271 Words   |  14 PagesWill Mohamed Mrs. Landgrebe Advanced Composition/ 3 21 December 2014 The Negative Effects of Foster Care: RD â€Å"Family is forever.† Many people believe that this quote happens to be true. Everyone wants to believe that their family will always be there for them, and support the decisions that they make. For a normal family is quote would be accurate. On the other hand, there are families that will not be together forever. This is not just a choice that these certain families make, it is forced uponRead MoreChild Abuse And Its Effect On Children1719 Words   |  7 PagesMany grandparents are happy to take care of grandkids in their parents’ absence, but with this responsibility comes added stress, possible negative physical and mental consequences, financial stress, and unanticipated legal issues. The number of these households has been on the rise in the recent decades and none for positive reasons. On an optimistic note, there is also the richness and complexities of the experiences of grandparents raising their grandchildren, the positive aspects of feeling loveRead Mor eThe Role Of Client s Mentor / Social Worker1576 Words   |  7 Pageshealth evaluation. Client was diagnosed with Post traumatic stress disorder and disclosed witnessing his mother being physically abused by his father who was a chronic alcohol user. Client reports growing up in fear as he went through verbal, physical and emotional abuse. He discussed reliving the trauma each day as a child and currently have mental images of his pass. Client has never sought treatment for his condition, due to feelings of guilt and shame and shared that drugs was often used to ‘escape’Read MorePros And Cons Of Human Sex Trafficking1328 Words   |  6 Pagesout of poverty (1). Claims regarding a growing worldwide epidemic are contradicted by the United State’s government’s own figures. For example, during the past years, the State Department’s yearly â€Å"Trafficking in Persons† report has decreased the figures on the magnitude of both transnational and domestic human trafficking. (Cause and Effect Analysis) This information will help you understand what is happening to young women across the country and why it needs to be stopped to save them from destructionRead MoreThe Problem Of Youth Homelessness2123 Words   |  9 Pageshomeless, ae often deprived of the basic human needs. Such as food, safety, secure housing. However, these factors contributing to these factors can be the cause of poverty and economic issues. Factors contributing to homelessness are based on the experiences that individuals encounters. According to the National Coalition for the Homeless (2007, p. 1), the â€Å"causes of homelessness among youth fall into three-reliable categories: family problems, economic problems, and residential instability.† On the otherRead MoreThe Problem Of Youth Homelessness2124 Words   |  9 Pageshomeless, ae often deprived of the basic human needs. Such as food, safety, secure housing. However, these factors contributing to these factors can be the cause of poverty and econom ic issues. Factors contributing to homelessness are based on the experiences that individual encounters. According to the National Coalition for the Homeless (2007, p. 1), the â€Å"causes of homelessness among youth fall into three-reliable categories: family problems, economic problems, and residential instability.† On the otherRead More Developing an Appropriate Response to Child Abuse Essay2555 Words   |  11 Pages Child abuse is one of the fastest growing social problems in the United States. A social problem is, â€Å"a condition that a significant number of people believe to be a problem. A condition in which there is a sizable difference between the ideals of a society and its actual achievements† (Coleman et al. 2006:2). However, society has changed the way it views the issue, and is working towards finding a solution to this awful problem. Child abuse encompasses four main areas: physical abuse, emotional

Retail Management Departmental Stores and Discount Stores

Question: Discuss about theRetail Managementfor Departmental Stores and Discount Stores. Answer: Introduction Retailing over the years has changed contextual relevance, multi screen world and constant connectivity are responsible for changing the online and offline shopping. Owners of retailers are hoping for the possibilities of changing the in store and digital experiences of retailing. The concept of retailing is changing day by day. The concept of click and collect revolution is responsible for changing the trends of retailing in different parts of the world. Apart from that, the growth of internet shopping in different departmental stores and discount stores is responsible not only for increase of revenue but also it is responsible for creating different types of jobs. The study focuses on the changing patterns of the departmental stores and discount stores and their way of changing business patterns. The concepts of mergers, diversification, cost containment and the value driven retailing are also explained in details in the perspective of retailing industry in a global scale. Apart fr om that, the change of retailing industry is described by taking the consideration of the theoretical frameworks of retail life cycle and wheel of retailing concept. Scrambled merchandising is also a concept that is used by modern retailers while assembling the merchandise for the target consumers. Definition of Departmental Stores and Discount Stores Departmental stores are also known as magazine. The concept of departmental stores has been emerged in the 19th century and it was present only in the major metropolitan cities of the different countries of the world. It can be said that in 19th century, the concept of departmental stores is responsible for changing the shopping patterns and purchasing decisions of the consumers at that time. The changing patterns include the reshape of shopping habits, and improved definition of luxury and service (Arcidiacono et al. 2016). Definition of departmental store illustrates a retail establishment that offers the consumers a wide array of consumer products in various product categories, which are known as departments. There are different sections that modern departmental stores possess such as furniture, clothing, toys, home appliances, cosmetics, sporting goods, houseware, paint, gardening, do it yourself, books, jewelleries, stationeries, groceries, etc. Examples of department stores inc lude David Jones, Myer, Woolworths, etc (Brea?Sols et al. 2015). Discount stores are defined as the retail stores that are responsible for selling different categories of products at a lower price than the market value of those products. There are mass merchandiser and full line discount stores that offers wide range of products at a lower cost and focus on the service provided to the customers. There is a sharp difference between a discount store and a variety store (Cho, Chun and Lee 2015). Examples of discount stores include Lidl, Walmart, Aldi, etc. The main discount stores in Australia are Kmart, Aldi, Target, Big W, etc. The concept of discount stores has emerged from World War II with a concept of low profit margin strategy and a high volume of products. Market Segments of Retail Customers The marketing techniques and the merchandise present in the departmental stores and discount stores are different from one another. The target markets of the different departmental stores and discount stores are different but they are working on the concept of wheel of retailing. It is a most common theoretical framework of retailing. There are four stages of the framework that the big retails are following the model. The first stage is characterised with penetrative and low margin (Choi and Shen 2016). The second stage is characterised with establishing and higher margins. The third stage is characterised with strongly established retail with high price and high cost. The fourth stage i.e. the last stage is illustrated with lower margins, penetrative whenever a competitor enters in the retail industry. Aldi is a retailer when came into existence, then they follow the cost leadership strategy with amazing discounts and implementing cost cutting procedures. In this stage, the entry barriers are not high. It is a technique of establishing and penetrating the merchandise in the market (ifci et al. 2016). The second step is expanding the market. In this stage, Aldi has started the market expansion in the target market with new stores in the country. After that, it will increase the sales of the merchandise and other products of the company while increasing the brand value. The retailer is new in the market hence the main target is to represent the target market. In this way, they can increase their customer base. In the third stage, Aldi will stabilize their business model that will attract a lucrative profit margin. In this stage, Aldi will enjoy a substantial increase of customer base as well as increase of profit margin. The more demand in the supply will help the company in creating a niche. Increase of competition in the market responds to the establishment of the business model (Ellickson, Houghton and Timmins 2013). In the fourth stage, the entry of other retail in the industry is responsible for increase of price of facilities and operations. Ultimately, the retail i.e. Aldi will become a high cost price service retailer in the market in terms of selling certain goods. Mergers and Diversification Mergers and diversification are the strategies of marketing that the different departmental stores and discount stores must have to implement in order to expand their market in different countries of the world. For instance, Walmart has a merger with Jet.com, Inc. in order to increase the acceleration of the business in the field of growth of e-commerce reach of the company. Whenever a company enters into a new country, then it has to choose an entry mode to make business in that country (Hamilton and Chernev 2013). Retail companies are also doing mergers and acquisitions while operating their business operations on their target market. Another strategy that departmental stores and other luxury retail brands are adopting is the strategy of diversification. Diversification is a part of Porters generic strategy that focuses on either niche markets and niche segments of customers. Apart from that, diversification is also a strategy that is implemented in terms of new specialised development of products in the country of operations (Hanerlio?ullar? et al. 2016). Discount stores like Tesco, Spencers, etc. develop food products and specialised items that are popular in the operating country. Diversification strategy is a common strategy adopted by big retailers of the world in terms of attracting customers and increased revenue of the company. Downsizing, Cost containment and Value Driven Retailing Downsizing concept is defined as the stores that are currently not operating or are closed or sold to a big retailer. For instance, Kmart is a downsizing retailer. The concept of cost containment is related to the holding of investment of retailers in terms of operating costs and initial investments. The strategy is used when there is intense competition from the discount retailers. However, the cost containment of retailers can be achieved by the following the approaches that are mentioned below. They are: Using freestanding units, secondary locations, and standalone locations (second use locations) Standardization of operating procedures, size of stores, product offerings and store layouts Buying different refurbished equipment Encouraging the manufacturers while financing the inventories (Jaafar et al. 2016) Value driven retailers are considered as a buzzword. It is subjective in nature that can create an impact on quality, convenience, service and price of the products. In terms of retailing, price is a vital factor that the retailers and the consumers are focusing in coping up with the competition and price war of the retailers present in the country. The pricing strategies adopted by the retailers are responsible for bargaining the products by the consumers while distrust in the perspective of sales process and traditional sales. Some consumers are focused on the price of the products rather than quality of goods (Kasemsap 2015). Retailing in the Future Decade Retailing in the future is depended on the development of technology and the changing nature of the taste and preference of the consumers. Globally, consumers prefer products, which are environment friendly and follow sustainability. The different types of retailing such as discount stores like Tesco, Aldi, Lidl, etc. are growing in a fast pace in many countries of Europe, Asia, Australia, New Zealand, etc. Use of technology will help the retailing companies in formulating strategies in the development of new products, implementation of appropriate pricing strategies and the formulation of different types of loyalty programs. Many researches regarding consumer behaviour has portrayed the fact that the consumers in terms of selection of foods are turning to be healthy and organic in nature. However, due to intense competition in the retail industry globally, price of goods, quality of products are challenging in nature (Khan 2013). Customers are getting choices of choosing their produ cts from the available alternatives. This leads to development of different improved strategies of developing new formats of retail with improved loyalty programs for attracting customers towards them. Development of internet retailing is an important aspect of development of the revenue of the stores as well as the increase of the operations of the business (Wrigley and Lowe 2014). Retail life cycle is similar to that of product life cycle. It has four stages such as introduction (early growth), growth (accelerated development), maturity and decline. The mall retailers are described in the frame of the retail life cycle. The early growth includes new foreign fashion entrants, multi channel retailer, home furnishing stores, etc. The accelerated development includes stores like upscale department stores, accessories stores. The maturity phase includes shoe, gift card stores, beauty stores, national apparel stores, etc. Decline phase of a mall retailers can include theme stores, tradi tional department stores, CD or book stores, etc (Pantano 2014). Different Types of Retail Stores in Markets Types of Retailer Location Merchandise Prices Services and atmosphere Promotion (Food oriented) Conventional supermarket Neighbourhood Depth of assortment, extensive width, generic and private brands, average quality Competitive Average Use of flyers, newspapers, coupons and self-service Convenience store Neighbourhood Low depth and medium width assortment, average quality Above average to average Average Moderate (Varley 2014) (General merchandise) Full line discount store Isolated store, shopping centre, business district Depth of assortment and extensive width, good to average quality Competitive Average to slightly below Moderate sales force, price oriented Traditional department store Isolated store, shopping centre, business district Extensive width, average to good quality Above average to average Good to excellent Direct mail, catalog use and heavy ad, personal selling (Varley and Rafiq 2014) Assembling of Merchandise by Retail Stores Scrambled merchandising concept is defined as the practice that the retailers and wholesalers are responsible for carrying a wider array of merchandise. Scrambled merchandising occurs in the retailers when they add different products and services, which are not related to the actual nature of the business and are not related to one another. For instance, a person will go to purchase drug from a drugstore, hardware from hardware stores, and groceries from grocery stores. However, after implementation of scrambled merchandising, the person can buy pet food, drugs, groceries from a single store like Target, Walmart, Zappos and Amazon (Patten and Zhao 2014). Conclusion It is seen that the during the years the shopping behaviour of the consumers are changing with the change of the retailing concept of the big departmental stores and discount stores. The consumers across the world is busy in shifting their purchases from big box retailers to convenient stores and smaller format retail due to huge traffic present in the shopping malls or other big box retail chains. Apart from that, it can be said that the growth of e-commerce is responsible for increase of employment and increased sales of goods from different big and small retailers across the world. E-commerce is responsible for accelerating the trend of opening small shops by enabling the managers while moving them in a high frequency and high bulk household goods online. The wheel and retailing concept is an important tool that is used by the retailers of different countries are enjoying benefits from it while implementing different trends of retailing and technology for understanding the consume r behaviour of the target market. The global retail companies are formulating their business models mostly based on the purchasing decisions of the consumers and changing shopping attributes of the customers. References Arcidiacono, P., Bayer, P., Blevins, J.R. and Ellickson, P.B., 2016. Estimation of dynamic discrete choice models in continuous time with an application to retail competition.The Review of Economic Studies,83(3), pp.889-931. Brea?Sols, H., Casadesus?Masanell, R. and Grifell?Tatj, E., 2015. Business model evaluation: quantifying Walmart's sources of advantage.Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal,9(1), pp.12-33. Cho, J., Chun, H. and Lee, Y., 2015. How does the entry of large discount stores increase retail employment? Evidence from Korea.Journal of Comparative Economics,43(3), pp.559-574. Choi, T.M. and Shen, B. eds., 2016.Luxury Fashion Retail Management. Springer. ifci, S., Ekinci, Y., Whyatt, G., Japutra, A., Molinillo, S. and Siala, H., 2016. A cross validation of Consumer-Based Brand Equity models: Driving customer equity in retail brands.Journal of Business Research,69(9), pp.3740-3747. Ellickson, P.B., Houghton, S. and Timmins, C., 2013. Estimating network economies in retail chains: a revealed preference approach.The RAND Journal of Economics,44(2), pp.169-193. Hamilton, R. and Chernev, A., 2013. Low prices are just the beginning: Price image in retail management.Journal of Marketing,77(6), pp.1-20. Hanerlio?ullar?, G., ?en, A. and Aktun, E.A., 2016. Demand uncertainty and inventory turnover performance: An empirical analysis of the US retail industry.International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management,46(6/7), pp.681-708. Jaafar, J., Kamarul Zaman, N.T., Adtrudin, K.F., Hasan, S. and Salleh, M.M., 2016. Critical Success Factors of Retail and Wholesale Industry: A Case Study.International Journal of Supply Chain Management,5(2), pp.94-100. Kasemsap, K., 2015. The roles of corporate marketing strategies and brand management in the global retail industry.Successful technological integration for competitive advantage in retail settings, pp.310-339. Khan, M., 2013. Effectiveness of price discount levels and formats in service industries.Global cases on hospitality industry, p.17. Pantano, E., 2014. Innovation drivers in retail industry.International Journal of Information Management,34(3), pp.344-350. Patten, D.M. and Zhao, N., 2014, June. Standalone CSR reporting by US retail companies. InAccounting Forum(Vol. 38, No. 2, pp. 132-144). Elsevier. Varley, R. and Rafiq, M., 2014.Principles of retailing. Palgrave macmillan. Varley, R., 2014.Retail product management: buying and merchandising. Routledge. Wrigley, N. and Lowe, M., 2014.Reading retail: A geographical perspective on retailing and consumption spaces. Routledge.

Research Paper on Victorian Era Architecture Essay Example

Research Paper on Victorian Era Architecture Essay Victorian Era Architecture Research Paper Introduction The Ireland architecture represents one of the most wonderful features of the Irish countryside. There are houses that were built in different periods of time starting from the stone period abounding and up to the present day. Ireland is well-known for its castles that were built and unfortunately ruined during the Norman and Anglo-Irish period, for small white cottages and interesting buildings of the Georgian era and for Gothic and neo-Gothic cathedrals and buildings. Rococo houses of the countryside are magnificent and are uncomparable to anything else in Europe. In the 20th century owing to the new development of industry and economics there have appeared houses of new culture and design that defined a renaissance of Irish culture and design, placing Ireland’s towns at the cutting edge of the present architecture. In Ireland one can see the period of beautiful buildings of the great Georgian time for which Ireland is so famous. The Victorian period was one of urban expansion that is why Ireland’s towns and cities still have hundreds of thousands of Victorian houses. Victorian Ireland with its glorious gardens and ornate buildings attracts by its unique beauty. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Victorian Era Architecture specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Victorian Era Architecture specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Victorian Era Architecture specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We can write your architecture research paper from scratch! Ireland is a country with a unique heritage. It is sodden in culture and national traditions. Houses, Castles and Gardens of Ireland represent some of Ireland’s finest architectural jewels and cultural charms. 2. Georgian Ireland Georgian architecture is a style that was prominent in England and in Ireland in particular in the 18th century (Craig, Maurice, 1980, p.67). In the second half of the 18th century one of the most significant architects of Ireland was James Gandon from London. In 1781 Gandon arrived to Ireland at the invitation of Lord Carlow and John Beresford. Houses of Gandon’s architecture in Dublin contain the Four Courts, the Custom House, the King’s Inns and the eastern part of the Irish parliament building in College Green. The Georgian architecture is famous for its free style and absolute absence of strict rules of mathematical ratio and axis characteristic to the palladian style. During this style large parts of Dublin were built once again. The official residence of the President of Ireland by Francis Johnston Francis Johnston was one of the most prominent Irish architects of this era. Francis Johnston was working as an architect in the Board of Works at that period. That is why he was responsible for plans of new buildings of the Georgian Dublin period. He is also the author of many beautiful houses, such as Hardwicke Place, St. George’s Church and the Viveregal Lodge in the Phoenix Park. Nowadays the Viveregal Lodge is the official residence of the President of Ireland. There are some of the oldest and largest Georgian houses in Dublin at Henrietta Street. In the 19th century these houses served as blocks of flats for rent. Beside large houses, terraces and squares were a characteristic feature of the Georgian architecture. They were built near elegant houses and became a wonderful addition for family houses. In the 19th century many of these buildings became blocks of flats in Ireland. A significant part of them were destroyed according to slum clearance programmes in 20th century (Craig, Maurice, 1980, p.78). Nevertheless, in Dublin many buildings of that period stayed untouched, as well as squares and terraces. Squares that clearly demonstrate that epoch are Pery Square and Merrion Square. Other small cities of Ireland, such as Mountmellick and County Laois, have buildings of Georgian period. At the end of the reign of King George III the GPO, one of the most famous Georgian buildings of Ireland, was finished. It was finished in 1814 by Richard Johnston. The six columns that take a great hexastyle Doric portico are the most interesting feature of the building. The three statues – of Fidelity, Hibernia and Mercury are erected near the building. The building has halls with high ceilings and it has been rebuilt. 3. Victorian period In the 19th century as Ireland was a part of the United Kingdom. British architecture still influenced architecture styles in Ireland. Many famous Irish houses were built in Ireland during this time. They are: the Olympia Theatre, Findlater’s Church on Parnell Square, Royal City of Dublin Hospital, the Central Markets in Cork, the National Museum of Ireland, the Natural History Museum, the National Library of Ireland and the Natural Gallery of Ireland. Many of these new buildings were situated in the Southern part of Dublin, for example, in Baggot Street, Kildare Street and in the centre of Cork. It is interesting to know that nearly all the buildings were built in the major cities and only few were built in the provincial towns (Nathan, 2005, p.41). The Victorian period is famous for new statues that were erected in Dublin. These are the statues of Queen Victoria, Daniel O’Connell and Henry Grattan. The cathedral dedicated to St Patrick at Killarney is one of Ireland’s most beautiful Victorian buildings. This cathedral was built in a neo-gothic style. In other words, ‘Lancet arched Gothic’ that was called because it has long lancet shaped windows with sharp arches. One of the greatest of Victorian architects was August Pugin. He began building the cathedral in 1842 and was finished in 1855. The design of the cathedral is of Irish gothic (Nathan, 2005, p.56). The beautiful building is decorated with Sicilian marble and Caen stone and has a spire of 280 feet. At that period of time the only style suitable for religious worship, for cathedrals, was gothic style. August Pugin was the first architecture who helped to popularize the gothic style in Victorian Ireland. 4. The present day architecture In the 20th century, the Ireland architecture is characterized by sleek and often radical building styles. New building materials were used in order to make space bigger and to use light and energy efficiency (Becker, Wang, 1997, p.62). An important modification in Ireland’s architecture has happened during the last several years. The present day tendency is to build four, five and six story apartment and office buildings. 5. Conclusion The paper briefly analyzes Georgian and Victorian architecture, pointing out the major features that characterize this style. Besides, the paper gives an analysis of the present day architecture. References Eric Nathan (2005). Victorian London Lee Jackson, New Holland Publishers, 160 p. Becker, Annette, and Wilfried Wang (1997). 20th-century Architecture: Ireland. Prestel. Craig, Maurice (1980). Dublin 1660-1860. Allen Figgis. Davison, David, and Edward McParland (2001). A New Way of Building: Public Architecture in Ireland, 1680-1760. Yale University Press. Dennison, Gabriel, and Baibre Ni Fhloinn (1994). Traditional Architecture in Ireland. Royal Irish Academy. McCullough, Niall (1987). A Lost Tradition: The Nature of Architecture in Ireland. Gandon Editions.

The Effects of Inflation Targeting

The Effects of Inflation Targeting Introduction Inflation is an increase in the prices of goods and services in the economy. It is linked to a variety of other economic factors and phenomena, both as a cause and result of inflation. These factors can be quite varied and can result in both negative and positive impacts on the economy.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Effects of Inflation Targeting specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Governments, usually through their central bank, have various methods to identify and reduce inflation. However, the response is invariably political in nature, primarily because the efforts to lower inflation can sometimes result in a lack of attention to issues such as unemployment. Additionally, inflation does not target all industries equally. Special attention to inflation made on the part of banks and government entities may insufficiently lower process in one industry, or ignore another sector. Due to the gl obalized nature of the economy, allowing inflation to continue unchecked can have disastrous consequences, not only to the nation it originates in, but also in nations it is trading with. Prime example of inflation and poor economic or political responses and its effect throughout the world, is from the most recent recession of 2007-2009. Also known as the Great Recession which is one of the biggest financial crises since the Great Depression of the 1930’s. What is the principal premise behind inflation targeting? Inflation targeting is an economic policy where authorities set a monetary goal and shape the policy to match it through the use of interest rates and other budgetary tools. These figures are what dictate the prices of products within the country. Using this form of policy is a secure method in regulating the costs of conducting business. In other words, the amounts paid out in labor and production remains lower than the value received. In theory inflation targeting is straightforward: the impending rate of inflation is predicted by the central bank, later on it is juxtaposed with the target rates which the government considers as appropriate for the economy and intends to achieve. The difference between the predicted amount and the goal determines how much monetary policy has to be adjusted (Mishkin, 2001). This type of financial manipulation is meant to avoid a shortage of available goods, as well as to encourage public investing and savings into capital funds such as stocks and bonds in order to maintain the overall money supply.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More What evidence indicates that managing the money supply is the principal task of inflation targeting? Inflation targeting is a method used by the Central Banks in order to control the economy as well as maintain stability in the financial markets. This means the Bank is responsible for keeping a balance between the supply and demand for money. Taking into account that numerous transactions use currency, there is a significant influence of money on economy of the country. In order to increase the supply of available funds, Banks will reduce interest rates, which encourage investments and also give more buying power to the consumer. An increased sale on goods persuades corporations to order more materials and increase production. The expansion of business performance requires more employees and influences on the demand for capital goods. The prices are raised with the influence of the situation caused on the stock market in a supple economy. This in its turn forces companies to deal with debts and equity. If the money supply continues to expand, prices begin to rise and banks will then raise interests’ rates in order to offset the inflation rate. However, if left un-monitored or in the case of the recent recession, reducing intere st rates too low will have a disastrous impact on the economy. Some experts believe this was the main cause of the current downturn; loose lending on the part of the Banks coupled with no-money down loans provoked a rapid rise in the housing market. When this same market crashed, a majority of the loans went into default and with no capital to collect on; Banks were facing real dangers of bankruptcy. Is there an ideal rate of Inflation? Ideally inflation rates should be stable at 2 percent per year allowing room for economic growth. Amounts which are over 3 percent or below 1 percent are generally a cause for concern. The United States for example, has experienced low levels of inflation recently due to the sluggish economy following the Great Recession. Currently the inflation rate is about 2.5 percent of the gross domestic product which is up from the negative 1.3 percent during the recent economic decline (Losman, 2010 Luojia Toussaint-Comeau, 2010).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Effects of Inflation Targeting specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Have monetary policy makers embraced policy initiatives through extensive understanding of these relationships? What does evidence show? After the recent economical crisis, emergency interventions were implemented in order to rescue many national financial systems. Stimulus plans and major bailouts became a major factor in financial policies. In the United States the â€Å"ARRA (The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009)† (Isidore, 2009), was created in order to take immediate action against the growing crisis. Its primary objectives include: job creation, investment in infrastructure, education, health and capitalize on the green movement. The estimated cost of the recovery program is over $700 billion (Isidore, 2009) The main principal behind the ARRA is that â€Å"†¦during recessions governments should offset t he decrease in private spending in order to save jobs and stop further economic deterioration† (Isidore, 2009). Despite official statements made by government officials about recent economical stability, the general population remains pessimistic. Falling income, rising unemployment and an increase in energy and food costs, have critics believing the country is still in crisis and possibly facing another recession. Isidore, Chris. â€Å"The Great Recession†. CNNMoney. March 2009. Web. July 2012. Losman, Danakan.. (2010). â€Å"The Rise of Stealth Inflation†. Challenge, 2010. Questia Trusted Online research. Web. July 2012. Luojia, Hu, Maude Toussaint-Comeau. â€Å"Do Labour market activities help predict inflation?† Economic Perspectives. Questia Trusted Online research. 2010. Web. July 2012. Mishkin, Frederic S. â€Å"Inflation Targeting†. National Bureau of Economic Research. July 2001. Web. July 2012.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More

How Long Does It Take to Learn a New Language [Infographic]

How Long Does It Take to Learn a New Language [Infographic] Do you know English is actually not the most common language in the world? Only one-seventh of the world can speak English. If you want to start a conversation with other 6 billion people who can’t speak English, you’d have to learn their languages. Learning a new language takes time and how long it takes will vary depending on how similar your mother tongue is to the new language. As you might imagine, for English speakers, languages like Arabic and Chinese take the longest to learn.Also, keep in the mind that your own time will vary. The numbers in the infographic below are based on information from the Foreign Service Institute (FSI), and they based their numbers on a 25 hours study week.Check out the infographic below to learn how long it takes English speakers to learn the most common languages in the world.

Utilitarianism an Unreasonable Happiness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Utilitarianism an Unreasonable Happiness - Essay Example Indeed there are powerful cultural influences to continue consuming even if it requires going into debt, which happens frequently. If so many people shoulder the unpleasant cycle of indebtedness in order to continue consuming, it seems a shift in the entire paradigm of capitalism based on distant people and the abstract next generation is unlikely. However as an individual who has a deeper understanding of the consequences of wastefulness and pollution, I have a greater ethical obligation to make conscious decisions regarding what I use and discard. There is a deep and vested interest to keep Americans consuming goods and services that they do not need strictly for survival purposes. The growth of the economy depends on many people spending money which drives industry to create more consumables. The most successful marketers are able to tap into and manipulate the aspects of identity that are significant to our sense of well-being. If a dramatic drop in consumption occurred, real and present negative consequences will occur, including many people losing their own job. This is a short term problem compared to the consequences of environmental change; however, drastic change in the average life style of most Americans would cause a lot of unhappiness. A fundamental change would have to occur that shifted economic models away from

Discussion question week 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Discussion question week 5 - Essay Example s in formal social control like engaging in criminal activities like stealing and killing leads to formal prosecution or punishment by the concerned social authority. On the other hand, failure to comply with the informal social control system often leads to subtle punishments such as mockery, gossip, and even being ignored (Innes 43). An example is discouraging an obese friend from eating too much food on the condition that if he does he or she will be mocked. Deterrence is the act of preventing a certain behavior or act from repeatedly happening. General deterrence is the impact of the threat of legal punishment on the public at large while specific deterrence refers to the impact of the actual legal punishment on the apprehended people (Akers 19). While specific deterrence focuses on an individual in question and aims at discouraging them from future criminal activity by instilling an understanding of the consequences, general deterrence focuses on the general crimes prevention mechanisms with reference to specific social deviances (Akers 20). For instance, violating traffic laws that influence driving behaviors leads to the apprehension with respect to general deterrence while specific deterrence results from actual experience of apprehension and prosecution of the offender. However, both types of deterrence are ways of instilling order in the society as they ensure that people abide by the set rules and

John Peter Zenger Essay Example for Free

John Peter Zenger Essay Born in Palatinate, Germany, John Peter Zenger (1697- 1746) was a New York printer and journalist. He arrived in New York City at the age of 7 and was trained for eight years by William Bradford, one of the more known writers of American printing. After he completed his training with William Bradford he moved to Chestertown, Maryland to live on his own. In 1722, he returned to New York due to the lack of success he had in Maryland and began his own business in 1726. In 1732 a new governor, William Cosby, desired nothing more but to increase his fortunes. Cosby removed the chief justice, Lewis Morris causing a group of powerful men whose economic goal was being forcefully postponed by Cosby to arise. The group gained popularity and support in New York City. The Gazette, a newspaper that was owned by Zenger’s advisor, William Bradford was controlled by the government. The Morris group, in need of a newspaper to fight its war against the government, chose John Peter Zenger as their printer. The first issue of the New-York Weekly Journal was poorly written but seemed to gain the interest due to its sharp criticism towards the government. On November 17, 1734, John Peter Zenger was arrested for printing rebellious and inaccurate material towards Cosby. Andrew Hamilton represented Zenger and made a dramatic presentation to the jury. After being imprisoned for 10 months Zenger was freed. The case was an introduction to freedom of the press. The case its self had little to almost no effect on freedom printers had on what they published. It did not limit the power of legislature to shut down printers. The Zenger case was brief introduction towards the movement of â€Å"freedoms† of Americans. Also, the case changed the old beliefs of English law, and revealed a new way America would think.

Cooperative Learning in Mathematics Essay -- Math Education Learn Educ

Cooperative Learning in Mathematics There have recently been many new trends towards the use of cooperative learning in many classrooms, particularly in mathematics classrooms. Cooperative learning involves students working together to accomplish shared goals. In this type of situation, students must feel they can only reach their learning goals if the other students in their group also reach their own learning goals. Students have to understand their achievements are interrelated. Cooperative learning helps students to fully understand the mathematical concepts and assists them in developing social skills that will take them through life. There are different methods of teaching, in addition to cooperative, such as competitive and individualistic. In competitive learning, students are graded on a curve, which means they have to work against each other and try to work faster and more accurately than their fellow students. In individualistic learning, students work towards goals that are separate from their peers. When working on their own, they can work on their own pace, and work for their own set of goals. (Johnson 104). When using cooperative learning, it includes characteristics of both individualistic and competitive learning. In order for a cooperative learning environment to be most effective, there needs to be group rewards along with individual accountability. When each individual succeeds in their group, the group is rewarded; this prevents certain students from dominating the work. There are different methods for cooperative learning that incorporate individual and group rewards. One such method i s Student Teams– Achievement Divisions (STAD). With motivation to win, the groups compete ag... ...athematics. The students develop social skills and learn to work as part of a group. This greater understanding of mathematics and the social skills will stick with the students for the rest of their life. Works Cited Bol, Linda, Nunnery, John A., and Whicker, Kristina M. â€Å"Cooperative Learning in the secondary mathematics classroom.† The Journal of Educational Research. Sept./Oct. 1997. (p. 42-8). Leiken, Roza, and Zaslavsky, Orit. â€Å"Cooperative Learning in Mathematics.† Mathematics Teacher. March 1999.(p. 240-6). Lew, Marvin and Mesch, Debra. â€Å"Isolated Teenagers, Cooperative Leanring, and the Training of Social Skills.† The Journal of Psychology. (p. 323-333). Johnson, David W., and Johnson, Roger T. â€Å"Using Cooperative Learning in Math† Teaching and Learning Middle Grade Mathematics.-Student Resource CD. Key College Publishing. 2004.

Hacienda Luisita Issue

The documentaries about Hacienda luisita are serve a lesson for all of us. While watching the documentary I feel pity to all farmers of hacienda luisita because they will fight for what they think is right. And I really admired them for their undying love for the land they needed for their lives. On January 22 1987 when mendiola massacre happen, some 10,000 farmers marched to ask the President Corazon Aquino to make good on her promise to implement a genuine agrarian reform program. Mendiola Bridge was the center of many a protest in the country since the time of Mrs. Aquino's. Its proximity to the Palace assured demonstrators that their calls might be better heard. But on that day, it was the sound of bullets firing and screams from the farmers that echoed in the streets outside the presidential palace. Within a few minutes, 13 farmers lay dead. At least 39 others sustained gunshot wounds, while 20 suffered minor injuries. The media called it â€Å"Black Thursday† but it went down in history as â€Å"The Mendiola Massacre. People died protecting the land they had treated as their own. Risking their lives and losing their lives for the land showed how their lives would be meaningless or impossible without it. Sadly, lives were lost before this was made clear to the public. But that’s not the end of the the tragedy. The workers launched their strike again on November 6, 2004, two unions led the strike. The strikers were forced to contend with the b iggest number of police and military. They stood their ground against tear gas and chemical-laced water that stung when it hit their skin. Many were hurt. At the final count, 72 were badly injured, 27 sustained gun shot wounds, and 110 were arrested by the police. By early evening, it was also discovered that seven were killed. It hurts for me to know that our own policeman killed there fellow Filipino. Eventually the policeman responsibility is to protect there fellow citizen but then they are the tool to lose the life of there countryman. I hope that sooner the Cojuanco family would somehow realize that there are many Filipinos particularly the people in tarlac who are living around the Hacienda Luisita are striving to have even a part of land that they could till. May they also be reminded that if they have a huge part of land which they could no longer manage, then it should be given to poor people who need it the most. I hope someday the farmers of hacienda luisita can get the justice they looking for, and I hope between cojuanco and the farmers well talk peacefully to avoid losing life again.

Educational Opportunities for Class 10th Students Essay

1. 0 Introduction As soon as a young child comes out of school finds self at cross roads. He is confronted with the problem of choosing career whether in Engneering, Medical, Non medical, paramedical, vocational, Humanities. This unit will provide you overall view of educational opportunities after 10th & 12th standard , Internship, Apprenticeship to excel in professional front. You will also become familiar with scholarships- like NTS,KVPY,UGC & others available at various stages of education for meritorious students. This unit helps you to know websites that gives information regarding higher education , entrance examinations. Objectives: After reading this module the teacher will able to : †¢ Make the students aware about the need of educational planning. †¢ Explain the students about various educational opportunities after 10th & +2 education. †¢ Help students in exploring various sources of higher education & Scholarships. †¢ Ways of disseminating the educational information to students 1. 1 Needs For Educational Planning â€Å"India is suffering from massive shortage of skilled manpower†- This was the News headline of a leading National Daily in July 2011. It is the matter of quality & not quantity of Manpower. As on today, the population of India is 1. 21 billion and half of the population is below 18 years of age. And responsibility lies with policy makers, administrators, educators, career counselors, teachers,& parents to channelize the energy of these youths & convert them into skilled human resource And it is the â€Å"Education† that determines the level of prosperity, Welfare & security of its citizens. Combined efforts of educators, teachers, career counselors and of course parents to bring awareness among students in an effort to make most realistic choice of courses of higher education depending upon his/her interest, aptitude, ability & financial background. 1. 2 Educational opportunities after10th standard:- Generally . We know that you are already aware about the three streams that you can choose from after Class 10 – Science, Humanities and commerce here you have to pursue your education for 2 years to become eligible for your graduation level academics.. Science Arts Commerce Includes study ofsubjects like Chemistry, Mathematics, Physics and Biology Includes study of subjects like Geography, Philosophy, History, Sociology, and Political Science Includes study of subjects like Accounting, Tax, Business Economics and Finance. You need to have good grades in Class 10 and equally good marks in Mathematics to secure a seat in 10+2 Average grades in Class 10 can help you seek admission in the Humanities stream in 10+2 Need good grades after Class 10 and also in Class 12 to pursue higher education in commerce Appear for competitive exams and start a professional career like engineering or medicine Less scope of joining a professional career and have to pursue a Bachelor’s degree. However, one can always a vocational course or pursue his or her interests simultaneously Start a professional career by  registering for CA foundation course You can make a shift to other streams Commerce or Arts after Class 12 You cannot make a shift to other streams like Science or Commerce after Class 12 You cannot appear for engineering or medical streams or change to sciencestream after Class 12. However, you can shift to Arts after Class 12. One can pursue 3 years diploma course either in engineering or Non engineering stream. Nearly there are 190 diploma courses. From Aviation, automobile, biomedical ,ceramic technology, dress making,†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦to textile engineering, web designing,X-ray technician. ( From A†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Z) Those who can’t afford expensive training and who can’t get chance to pursue higher education and those who are having inclination towards technical education & most important those who want to earn at an early age can opt for Industrial Training Institute. – ITI’s . Earlier there were traditional courses like Fitter, Welder, Turner but in the present scenario there is immense demand for trades like-COE ( Center of Excellence),Laser technology, hospital mangament, retail management. After completing basic ITI one can opt-advance training course (CTS/POT) & become eligible to work as an instructor in Govt ITI. Even one can opt for JOC- Job Oriented Course after that he/she can start self-employment. 1. 3 Educational opportunities after 12th standard:-For science stream students they pursue career in Engineering, Medicine/Medical, paramedical, Health care, Information Science, Veterinary science, Genetics, Forensic Science, Fishery, Dairy Technology, Oceanography, Biological Science, Meteorology, Bioinformatics, speech Therapists, Space Technology, Nanotechnology & so many specialized fields. Even students choose R& D-Research and Development of the concerned field.For Careers in Humanities-there are Anthropology, Archeology, Geography, Fine Arts, Journalism, Library Science, Psychology, Psephology, Research Assistant, Sociology, Teaching at all level-nursary, primary secondary, senior secondary, & even+2 students .Career in NGO.Careers in Commerce- Accounting, Banking, Economics, CA,CS,ICWA, Stock Broking, Mathematics & StatasticsCareers in Designing-Gemology, Interior, Fashion, Jewellary Designing & Visual Merchandising. Careers in Management- Management comes every where-From Business to sales to HR to Rural , Event management, IT Management, Logostics to Export ManegementCareers in Defense Service- Indian Army, Navy, Air Force, By appearing NDA & NA Entrance Exam conducted by UPSC, Coast Guards, Corps Of Engineer, Paramilitary Services.Careers in Mass Communication- Advertising, Disc Jocky, Radio Jocky, Video Jocky, Public Relation, Video Editing, publishing & Printing. Even after pursuing their graduation students can opt career in Civil Services-Competitive Exams conducted by Union Public Service CommisionCompetitive Exams conducted by State Public Service CommisionCompetitive Exams conducted by Staff Selection CommisionIndian Economic/Stastical Service ExaminationIndian Geologist Service ExaminationCombined Defence Service ExaminationExams conducted by Indian RailwaysBanking Exams- both clerical & Officer Cadre. COMMON WRITTEN EXAMS- Conducted by IBPS- Institite Of Banking & Personal Selection. 1. 4 NIOS-National Institute for Open Schooling: It provides elementary education at 3 levels for school drop outs, neoliterates,& out of school learners through Accredited Agencies. Open schooling and basic education at a distance have got established, in the last two decades, as strong systemic intervention mechanisms to cater to the quality educational needs of millions of deprived people, with very low cost.Secondary Level-Children below 14 years of age & Adults above 14 years of age.Higher Secondary Level.Vocational courses. 1. 5 Scholarships opportunities For Students Scholarships are available for meritorious students & to those who belong to economically weaker section. Even Scholarships are available for scheduled caste & scheduled Tribes & Other Back word community students. Prime Minister’s 15 point program provides better facilities,& free coaching for higher studies for Minority community students. Scholarships are available at various levels of education at secondary level, under graduates, post graduates, post doctoral research.NTS- National Talent Search Scholarship. (For 10th onwords) till your graduation & onKVPY-Kishore Vaignanik Protsahan Yojana (For 11th & 12th Students) & onwordsPost Matric Scholarship for OBC’sPost Matric Scholarship for studies in Hindi from Non Hindi Speaking States.PG scholarships for professional courses for SC & ST studentsPG Indira Gandhi scholarship scheme for single girl child.Rajiv Gandhi National Fellowship For SC/ST StudentsJRF & SRFPost Doctoral Fellowship For Women CandidatesDr. S Radhakrishnan Post Doctoral Fellowship 1. 6 Sources Of Educational opportunities- †¢ News paper supplement of all Leading news papers like, The Hindu, Deccan. Herald, The Times Of India, Indian Express & even regional news papers carry updated information in the current trends in education & higher studies every week. †¢ Surfing to Internet- at various social sites, Reading the Blogs written by well known educators & career counselors. †¢ Emplyment News in English & Rojgar Samachar in Hindi †¢ By viewing channels like-EDusat, Gynan Darshan, UGC,IGNOU Channels broadcasting educational updates, IGNOU’s Audio video catalogue †¢ University Career Bulletin †¢ Local District Employment Exchange. †¢ University Employment Information & Guidance Bureau. at the jurisdiction of concerned University. †¢ District Central Library 1. 7 Address of Websites related to higher education, Apprenticeship, Internships & training www. ignou. ac. in www. education. nic. in www. ncert. nic. in www. employmentnews. gov. in www. aiuweb. org www. dget. nic. in www. ugc. ac. in www. aicte. ernet. in www. iamrindia. com www. davp. nic. in www. upsc. gov. in www. nbtindia. org. in www. webindia123. com www. career360. com WWW. shiksha. com www. meritnation. com www. upsc. gov. in www. careers. icbse. com www. indiastudychannel. com www. goiit. com www. highereducationinindia. com www. indiaeducation. net Tanuja Rampure, Shimoga (Karnataka), India.

Elizabeth Stanton essays

Elizabeth Stanton essays For ages societies have been divided, placing women in one role and men in another, never to be switched or combined. We can see today in our own society that this is not necessarily the most effective system. At one point in our history, the U.S. did not treat men and women as equals, and it was not until an intense rebellion that basic rights such as to hold property, earn wages, and the right to vote, were granted equally to women as they had been for men. Women were restricted to a life of obedience first to their fathers, then later to their husbands. Elizabeth Stanton was one of the countrys most influential forces in the womens civil rights movement; without her contribution women today might never have come so close to escaping their role as second class citizens. Elizabeth Stantons fight for women-hood began when she left home and married Henry Stanton, an anti-slavery activist. This couple would spend their lives together fighting for the equal rights of all people. After the wedding, from which the word obey was omitted, the Stantons went to London to spend their honeymoon at the Great Worlds Anti-Slavery Convention. Upon seeing that the women in attendance were not seated at the convention, Stanton was convinced of the need for a reform in womens rights. One of Stantons first and most effective moves towards womens rights was the drafting of the Declaration of Sentiments read at the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848. This document, using the model of the US Declaration of Independence, demanded that women rights as citizens be both acknowledged and respected by society. Though not immediately accepted, the declaration did serve to make womens rights a conceivable objective. This was the beginning of many feminist movements to come. Another significant act for womens rights ...

True Phrasal Adjectives and Imposters

True Phrasal Adjectives and Imposters True Phrasal Adjectives and Imposters True Phrasal Adjectives and Imposters By Mark Nichol Phrasal adjectives, the sets of words that combine to modify a noun, can be tricky. Usually, words in phrasal adjectives are hyphenated to signal their interrelationship, but there are exceptions, and confusion often arises when phrases resemble but do not constitute phrasal adjectives. In English grammar, the assumption is that two adjacent nouns constitute a description of a single entity unless the first noun is hyphenated to a preceding adjective to form a phrasal adjective. For example, in â€Å"They earned their third straight regular season victory that day,† the reference appears to be to a season victory that is regular. Attaching the adjective regular to the noun season with a hyphen clarifies that the reference is to a victory that pertains to the regular season: â€Å"They earned their third straight regular-season victory that day.† Why not hyphenate â€Å"third straight† as well? The phrase modifies â€Å"regular-season victory,† but â€Å"third straight† is not a phrasal adjective; the noun is the phrase â€Å"straight victory,† and third modifies the entire phrase (not just straight), which in turn modifies â€Å"regular-season victory.† To see why this is so, replace the entire phrase â€Å"third straight regular-season victory† with any phrase beginning with an ordinal number followed by an adjective and then a noun (a phrasal adjective in place of â€Å"regular-season† is irrelevant): â€Å"first full sentence,† â€Å"second tall man,† and so on; no hyphenation is called for. The full sentence is the first one, and the tall man is the second one. But isn’t this the same type of construction as seen in â€Å"The team achieved the third-highest score in the franchise’s history,† in which â€Å"third-highest† is correctly hyphenated because it modifies score? No. â€Å"Third highest score† refers to the third in a series of highest scores, but that’s not what this sentence is referring to; the reference is to a score that is third highest. Also, in â€Å"The win snapped their opponents’ sixteen-game home winning streak,† â€Å"sixteen-game† correctly modifies â€Å"home winning streak.† But why isn’t â€Å"home winning† itself hyphenated to indicate that it’s a phrasal adjective modifying streak? Because it’s not a phrasal adjective. The modifier in this sentence is home, modifying the noun phrase â€Å"winning streak.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Spelling Test 1Capitalization Rules for Names of Historical Periods and Movements6 Foreign Expressions You Should Know

Assess the role of the French Revolution in the Rise of Nationalism Essay

Assess the role of the French Revolution in the Rise of Nationalism - Essay Example Originally, the revolution was seen as an accepted rebellion against the supreme power of the king and against the civil liberties and wealth of the selected few, however, they were carried out in the name of liberation, egalitarianism, and fraternity. Nevertheless, in actual sense it resulted to the loss of liberation, tyranny, and nationalism, additionally, the revolution was due to a detestation of tradition and yearning to utilize the power of the state to generate a new-fangled order. Therefore, people were bestowed new identities as citizens of the state, but to put an end to the resistance towards revolution and the new order, about 18,000 - 40,000 people were killed.3 Thus, because of the death of many people, the revolution was not capable of establishing a long-lasting system of governance, hence, in the subsequent century; France could be ruled differently as a republic, a tyranny, a legitimate realm, and two diverse empires and under several dissimilar constitutions. In addition to that, the following incidents caused by the revolution encompass the Napoleonic wars, the re-establishment of the realm, and two extra revolutions as recent France developed.4 Moreover, numerous incidents took place during the revolution that started from the very significant function of National Assembly beginning 1789 to 1791.5 This was followed by the collapse of the fort of Bastille, assertion of human rights, the detention of king and queen that was later followed by their murder, stop of the reign of terror with Robespear. Furthermore, revolution put an end to tyrannical and corrupt rule in France, judicious thoughts overthrew the orthodox, limitless monarchy, and feudalism was discarded.6 On the other hand, revolution had also consequences on the world in which it provided recommendation to the world that the king can never be an emissary of God but of people. Revolution also

Annotation of an article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Annotation of an article - Essay Example has the moral imperative to stop genocide through different methods that would not have necessarily meant sending thousands of American troops to wage war with Serbian president Slobodan Milosevic. Power not only describes the Bosnian genocide, she also strongly condemns Milosevic’s deceptive ways of hiding genocide and America’s and Europe’s silence to it. Power narrates the history of conflict in Yugoslavia that affected Bosnia’s struggle for independence, which she compares with the Holocaust and other ethnic cleansing events in the world. Before 1991, Yugoslavia had six states, but after Serbian president Slobodan Milosevic stressed his nationalist stance, its several states seceded from it. Slovenia was the first, followed by Croatia. Both successfully declared their independence, but Bosnia did not. The seven members of the Bosnian presidency asked advice from Europe and the United States regarding how they could declare independence without much blo odshed. Western diplomats suggested giving human rights protection to their minorities and launching a free and fair referendum. The two Serbian members of the presidency resisted the referendum and supported the militarization of Bosnia. Power stresses that the Serbs had military power and backing, while the Muslims and Croats had none. As a result, they became targets of ethnic cleansing. Power describes the three forms of ethnic cleansing in Bosnia: economic, social, and physical. The economic part meant denying employment to minorities, while social sanctions, such as curfews and limited possessions were applied to them too. In addition, the most horrible forms of ethnic cleansing were murdering these people by shooting and bombing their houses, and forcing fathers to kill their sons and rape their daughters, while Serb soldiers humiliated and raped many young women. Power notes that during this time, the United States did not respond in military terms despite widespread media c overage on the atrocious acts done in Bosnia. She proposes several actions with different levels of military activities, which could have prevented the ethnic cleansing in Bosnia that resulted to 200,000 people killed and two million displaced during Bush’s administration. Power notes that the U.S. is significantly updated of the happenings in Bosnia before and during the ethnic cleansing. The U.S. intelligence system knew beforehand that based on what was happening in Bosnia from the 1980s to the 1990s, the situation would eventually become â€Å"bloody as hell† (Power 253). But since Europe stepped up and promised to manage the consequences of the breakup of Yugoslavia, Power notes that it seemed that the U.S. had been too happy to take a step back in influencing international foreign policymaking for Bosnia. In addition, Power describes in detail how much the U.S. government knew about the happenings in Bosnia. She mentions Jon Western, an analyst in the State Depar tment’s Bureau of Intelligence and Research. Western processed refugees’ testimonies, including one where Serbian soldiers raped a 9-year-old Muslim girl and left her to die in her blood, while her parents watched behind a fence (Power 265). Other refugees supported this event with their own accounts. In addition, Power shows that the ethnic cleaning strategies of the Serbs were similar to the Nazis and other oppressive regimes. For

Rising tech firm Asus seeks to improve U.S. brand Essay

Rising tech firm Asus seeks to improve U.S. brand - Essay Example The article likewise provided a brief historical backdrop on Asus, including presenting the increasing number of diverse products it currently manufactures and intends to launch in the global market. The current discourse hereby aims to present the summarized theme of the article and to provide a discussion on why the article is interesting and how it ties in with the material from the book. Personal Insights and Critique The article was particularly interesting in terms of envisioning the anticipated upgrades on the noted Nexus 7 classified as the next generation Nexus 7. Being an intent avid fan of technological gadgets, one is amazed at how technological products continue to make regular updates based on customers’ feedbacks from the last product that was launched. In contemporary times, consumers are provided with opportunities to avail of newer models, upgrades or updates as fast as one year from the time that a newly launched technological gadget was offered for sale in the market. Depending on how consumers reacted and responded, the manufacturer either addresses the weaknesses or incorporates innovative features that could complement and make the upgraded product more attractive to the consumers.

The poem Hide and Seek Essay Example for Free

The poem Hide and Seek Essay The poem Hide and Seek was written by Vernon Scannel and is about a child playing hide and seek with his friends. The main theme of this poem is isolation. There are a few subthemes as well, such as difficulties in life, competition and abandonment. The poet uses a vast amount of literary devices, like similes, metaphors and personification, and writes the poem as an extended metaphor for life. He also uses a variety of punctuation which helps build up tension throughout the poem. I will be discussing the effect the poet Scannel creates by using these devices in the next few paragraphs. Vernon Scannels poem has two meanings. The obvious one is about a child playing hide and seek and then realising that his friends have left him, showing abandonment. But the deeper meaning of this poem is that the poet is actually describing what happens in life. As he shows the child starting out with full confidence at the beginning of the game, he means to say that when someone starts off a new life they are confident and strong (Im ready! Come and find me! ). The exclamation marks show the child is full of energy and assurance that he cannot lose the game and if we go deeper we can see that someone who starts a new life will have the same attitude. There are difficulties, of course, like the cold floor and the salty dark. This metaphor gives the effect of some place harsh and uncomfortable, in a real life situation this would be any obstacle that is come across. The child though, takes it all in and stays silent about it because he knows this is what he has to do to win. What in real life would be accepting any difficult challenge and accomplishing it, to get ahead in life. Scannel even presents one of the greatest fears in life isolation, in the phrase, But where are they who sought you? This shows how the hiding child gets abandoned by his friends after they could not find him. Rather than let him win, they gave up and left him alone. Vernon is trying to advise the audience that when in life you face a difficult situation when you are lonely, you have to fend for yourself. Who knows when your friends can leave you? No one will care enough or only you can be trusted to take care of yourself. One last thing Scannel wanted his audience to follow was to grab every opportunity in life, rather than wait too long and have them go away. In the poem when the child waits too long to uncover himself he was too late because his friends had already gone. If he would have done sooner, he might have won the game. In the same way, if you wait too long to grab an opportunity, you just might miss it out altogether.

Hamlet 9 :: essays research papers

There have been many great thinkers in literature. Characters who examine themselves, others, and the world in a thoughtful and insightful way. One of these introspective and self-aware literary creations is Hamlet in Shakespeare’s play Hamlet. The play is one filled with and based on ideas and contemplation as opposed to the steady stream of action that fills many of his other plays. Not that there’s any lack of action in the play. On the contrary, it includes violent deaths, a vicious duel, and a vengeful ghost. There’s no lack of physical action after the thought processes are completed, either. The central character of Hamlet, however, is one who considers before he acts, and whose actions (and their consequences) are therefore not random acts of fate, but deliberately chosen resolutions. Hamlet proves himself to be a tragic figure as well as a sacrificial hero through his private thoughts and his determinations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  These major internal “events'; begin with Hamlet’s reaction to meeting and speaking with his father’s ghost. This meeting was the catalyst for a lot of silent contemplation and turmoil for the young prince. The movement of ideas here is rapid– the Ghost gives a clear, incriminating account of Claudius’s involvement in his death, and Hamlet immediately vows to avenge him. His reaction was passionate, and suitably so. After all, no character of integrity and honor could have refused the task given to him by the Ghost. In making the deliberate decision to avenge his father, Hamlet alerts the reader that he is the central character in the play. It also lets us know that he is a truly decent and loyal son as his quest for revenge consumes him. As he says in act one, scene five: I’ll wipe away all trivial, fond records, All saws of books, all forms, all pressures past, That youth and observation copied there, And thy commandment all alone shall live Within the book and volume of my brain, Unmixed with baser matter. Yes, by heaven! Here, Hamlet reveals through his decision a powerful will and overwhelming resolution as he declares that he will completely reject all other pastimes and priorities in order to fulfill his choice and oath. This steadfastness, though it later wavers, leads directly to all of Hamlet’s future actions, from his assumed madness to his rejection of Ophelia to his return from England. The scene shows us Hamlet’s motive for his future actions, and starts of his trend of silent brooding.

RSA Guideline

â€Å"Establishment of Operational Road Safety Engineering Units in the Road Authorities (Pads) of 2 Southern – States of India† Slash Chancre Triad, International Road Safety Specialist It is recognized that the in order to improve road safety it is vital for institutional strengthening, capacity building and reform to urgently take place in the road sector.The Tasks of Technical Assistance Services under two assignments as already addressed in Kraal-India (the World-Bank financed EST. I Project for PAD) ND are currently being addressed in Karakas-India (DAB financed PRAM Project for PAD) are: Road safety tools and techniques vital for roads to be safe and sustainable; Institutional strengthening and reform by providing adequate on and off training; and introducing well-proven and appropriate proactive and reactive engineering approaches / measures and educational aspects to improve road safety.The author will briefly address regarding various activities performed and topics addressed. Such as Safe Road Management System, 5 Pillars, Crash Data Collection, Database, Analysis and Reports for dissemination; Road Safety Engineering; Economics; Low Cost Counter – Measures and Program; Vulnerable Road Users; History of Road Safety Audit with Stages, Checklists and Report; Road Safety Review and Inspection; Operations Processes, Procedures, Manuals and Guidelines; Strategies and Policies; Road Safety Co-ordination and Action Plan; International Practices; Road Safety Engineering related Awareness Campaigns; InstitutionalStrengthening and Capacity Building: Organizational structure, Training Need Assessment, Job-descriptions; On and Off – the Job-Training and Standards; Monitoring and Evaluations; Innovations and developments In Traffic Control Devices (signs and marking materials); RAP; Procurement of road safety tools (such as book, code, software and equipment); Crash Barriers; School Zone Treatments; Case studies. Also discussions on th e most up-to-date concepts, principles and practices for Institutional reform In the road safety.

Air Asia Essay

1.Threat of new Entrants The extent of barriers to entry depends on the strength of- i)Customer has little brand loyalty. If consumers of Airasia do not have brand loyalty, then the strength of the threat of new entrants is very high. The high numbers of competitors in the industry also decrease Airasia’s customer loyalty. Most of the travelers prefer low cost. New competitors which want to come in the industry have to spend little to compete with Airasia. ii)High capital requirement. The industry of airline needs large volume of start-up capital. The cost of setting up of offices, buying or leasing aircraft, hiring pilots and other staffs like air stewardess and etc incur a high start-up cost. Thus, the threat is low for Airasia. iii)Different product offered. Airasia offers different product compared to other competitors in Asia like Bangkok Airways, Tiger Airways, and Air Philippines. Other than the passenger sales ticket, Airasia also include holiday packages which is affordable around Asia. Airasia has good connection with hotels and tourism companies around Asia, which it is hard for new competitors to compete. iv)Low switching costs. Customers do not need to spend more on switching to another airline. The price would not be very significant in differences, which it depends on the availability of competitor’s services and suitability of the flight time that prompts them to switch. v)Moderate access to distribution channel. Airasia is the first airline company to enable customer book and purchase air tickets online in Malaysia. This makes its website www.airasia.com very famous among frequent travelers. Although new competitors can create a website for their company, it is quite difficult to compete with Airasia’s website. The website is known of its simplicity and user friendly. Thus, new competitors are difficult to make known their websites to travelers. vi)Strict government regulations. In obtaining license and permit to operate  an airline company is quite restricted. This is because in Malaysia, the airline industry is very competitive already and that the government also wants to protect the interest of its national airline, MAS which is operating on loses a few years back. 2.Rivalry among existing firms The strength of this factor depends on: i)High numbers of rivals. There are approximately 59 low fares and no frills airlines compete with Airasia. Among of them are Tiger Airways, JAL Express, JetStar Airways, Air Arabia and etc. Some of the airline does not compete directly with Airasia, but it competes indirectly in routes that Airasia does not fly. Thus, the higher the number of competitors, the more fierce the competition. ii)High fixed cost. The airline industry incur high fixed cost which consists of finance cost, hire purchase, and staff costs. The airline companies have to gain more market share to cover the fixed costs. In doing that, constant price reduction is done by them to compete with others. Thus, the rivalry is strong. iii)Customers easily switch. The nature of airline industry is that customer’s priority is to look at price and flight schedule that suits them the best when buying air tickets. The main purpose of using the airline services is to get to the destination intended. Customers can switch to other airline easily which makes the industry so competitive. iv)High exit cost. It is hard for an airline company to exit the industry. It is because the cost is high in paying the loans, staff retrenchment and flight cancellation refunds. Even making losses, the companies have to get running to cope with fixed costs. This makes the industry very competitive. v)Products are similar. As mentioned earlier, the main purpose of using airline services is to reach the destination. Every airline provides similar  services to customers. Though Airasia provides other added services like hotel booking, and tour packages, it is subject to the customer’s choice. An industry with similar products offered is highly competitive. 3.Threat of Substitute product i)Easy to switch. There are about 59 low cost airlines competing in the industry. The airlines serve over one hundred cities and islands across the sub-continental regions of South Asia, Southeast Asia and Northeast Asia. Although some of the budget carriers only fly domestic routes within the country of origin, while only a few operates international routes connecting nearby countries, customers will always look for alternatives. ii)Performance of substitutes. Performance of other airlines are quite similar with Airasia’s given there is no obvious product differentiation. Performance of airlines normally consists of the accuracy of take off time, aircraft performance and staff services. So far, Airasia had constantly reviewed its performance and improve its services. iii)Relative price. The price of substitutes are about the same with Airasia’s. Some of the airlines offers cheaper price to achieve profitable passenger loads. The price offered depends on the time gap between the booking date and flight date. The longer the date, the cheaper will be the price. If the tickets are purchased last minutes, the price will be about the same with premium airlines like MAS and Singapore Airlines. Thus, in this situation customers would switch to the premium airlines. 4.Bargaining power of buyers i)No significant product differentiation. The only difference Airasia’s product with others airlines is the holiday packages offered. Most of the low cost airlines concentrate on providing flight services only to customers. There is some offers hotel booking at the city that the airline flies to. However, Airasia makes the difference by providing holiday packages like example 3 days and 2 nights to Bali at RM800 per pax includes  flight ticket, accommodation and travel guides. For customers who do not want to follow the travel agencies and enjoys freedom, they will look for Airasia’s packages, but the customer’s portion of this type is small. Thus the bargaining power of buyers is strong as the main thing they look for is to fly to destinations. ii)Low switching costs. Cost of switching to other airlines is low, so bargaining power of buyers is strong. Airasia is not the only airlines operates in Asia. Other than that the price offered by other competitors are not much different. The customer choice is subject to their convenience and flight schedule that fit them best. iii)Portion of buyers expenditure on airline is moderate. This factor depends on portions of income an individual earns. The higher the portion, the more the customer look for cheaper price and thus, the stronger the bargaining power of buyers. Eg when a student without earning any income, will look for the cheapest price available as the portion of his expenditure will be very substantial. iv)Customers have access to market information. The IT world had emerged since 20th century. Many big and success companies in the world uses IT and e-commerce to operate. Without IT, the business had boundaries and international business will be prohibited. With worldwide web, information can be gathered on one click. Customer’s access to the current airline market information is easy and available all the time. The airline companies have less room for negotiation. Thus, customers had strong bargaining power. v)Buyer’s power concentration in many hands. Most of the airline company customers are individual travelers, only some travel in groups. So the air tickets are purchased individually. The airline companies are not relying on a few groups of customers only. Thus, the bargaining power of buyer is strong. 5. Bargaining Power of Suppliers i) Supplier concentration in a few hands. The supplier of airline companies is the fuel supplier, foods supplier, merchandise supplier and aircraft supplier. There are few suppliers in the market, eg the aircraft supplier, the companies are either Airbus or Boeing. In this case the power of supplier is strong. Other supplier like foods supplier and fuel supplier, the term of the supply must be based on the market condition. The supplier cannot increase too much of its price or risk losing long term business with the aircraft companies. ii)High switching costs. Most of Airasia’s aircraft are Airbus models. Previously the company used Boeing models, which they lease it and the company had since phased out most of the models and replace with Airbus. If Airasia is to switch to Boeing again, then the cost will be high, because training cost for employees to suit the aircraft features must be provided. Other than that, the technology used by Airbus is the most advanced, thus Airasia must rely to the Airbus engineers to do maintenance of the aircrafts and seek advices. Thus, bargaining power of suppliers is strong. iii)Relative lack of importance of buyers to supplier. Airbus is a UK based aviation company. Its customers come from around the world. So far 9,113 aircraft had been ordered, out of which 5,408 aircraft had been delivered by the company. Airasia had ordered 200 aircraft from Airbus and so far only 54 aircraft had been delivered. The percentage of less than 1%, 0.99% proves that Airasia is not Airbus’s important buyer. Thus, Airbus had strong power over Airasia.

How To Be Productive When You’re Unemployed

How To Be Productive When You’re Unemployed Being unemployed can be a scary thing. The freedom to sleep in and watch television is great, but the lack of financial security can be panic-inducing. No matter whether you quit or were laid off, here are some strategies for how to make the most of your transition time. 1. Dig DeepThe first key is to understand what went wrong at your last job. Be as honest with yourself as possible. Was it the job, or was it you? Whether you left of your own accord or not, think about why you had to leave without a back-up plan in place, and what you can do to prevent such a situation in the future. This will help you clarify what you want most now, and how to get there and stay put. It will also help you understand your self better- from your unchallenged strengths to your unfortunate habits. Take a little time for stock-taking, soul-searching, and self-improvement.2. Find Your PassionWhat do you want to be when you grow up? What kind of work appeals to you and why? Where do you see yourself in fi ve years? What are you doing on a daily basis? What kind of company do you work for? Finding the answers to the questions of what drives you will only help you find a workplace that will keep you motivated and inspired.3. Prepare to ApplySpruce up your resume, check in with your network, jazz up your profiles, and keep up in the latest research and trends in your chosen field. Don’t get caught with a job application on your hands and nothing to show for your time off. Narrow your search platform, select the handful of companies you want to be working for, and start charging forward.4. Get a Temp GigIf you need cash, join a temp agency. It’s not a permanent solution, but sometimes it can lead to one. And besides, you’ll make a little extra money and stay in the game. You can also find online freelance work and stay afloat by working remotely.5. Do Something ElseUse your time to volunteer, or take a course, or learn a new skill. You may never have time like this a gain in your career. Use it wisely and you’ll be in a much better position when you meet your next opportunity.6. Be PatientFinding a job doesn’t happen overnight. Keep track of your progress, however incremental. Celebrate the small victories, the little tasks completed, and the new contacts made. Plan out your daily and weekly goals and chart your progress. Even if it feels like nothing is happening, you’ll still be able to see what you’ve accomplished.7. Be Good to YourselfSelf care is important. Make sure you’re being healthy- eating right, getting plenty of sleep, and exercising. Give yourself a wellness makeover. You’ll be that much more attractive to prospective employers when the time comes if you do. But also take some time to pamper yourself- indulge your hobbies and interests. Get a bit of joy under your belt. Do something each day that makes you feel good, that flexes your happiness muscle, so to speak.8. Keep to a SchedulePerhap s the most important bit of advice is to make sure you don’t fall victim to the amorphous lack of structure in an unemployed day. Make a daily schedule (when you research, job search, exercise, relax) and stick to it. This will help you build better habits- and keep them. And will keep your teeth sharp and workforce ready for when the time comes to rejoin the race.

Un dia asul essays

Un dia asul essays Computers have been around for a long time. They have evolved thrugh the years, but two major companies are at the top of the hill. These two computers companies are Macs and Pcs ,but eventhough both of them are personal and businnes computers, they differ in hardware, software, and compability. Mac computers were the first ones to come out to the market. Their hardware is still compact like the first one 20 years ago; their monitor is ensamble together with the CPU, making the computers one big box. Their softwares and programs are too complicated for the average person; it is need it to type keyboards comands for the computer to work. To top it all of, the Macs are not compatible with almost any of the products that are sell in stores, or neither with on-line downloads. On the other hand, PCs came out a couple of years after Macs. As soon as people started to try them, they got very popular. Their hardware comes ceparlly, and one can chosse between any CPU or monitor that one want. PC's softwares are so eassy that even a 6 years old child can learn to use it. Not like Macs, PCs can use any of the programs that are in stores. PCs are very compatible with others equipments, and with any online programs. I personally like PCs more that Macs; I love the way PCs are structure in their programs. If PCs make life eassier, Macs will make it more complicated. One good example of this can be found in any office. Because Macs are more complicated, any work that people save or do, can be easily lose. To conclude, I can say that eventhough Macs and PCs are personal and businnes computers, they differ in hardware, software, and compability. To solve this problem both computers companies should work together, and maybe that way their softwares,hardwares, and compability would be the same. ...

Tiwanaku Empire - City, Imperial State at Lake Titicaca

Tiwanaku Empire - City, Imperial State at Lake Titicaca The Tiwanaku Empire (also spelled Tiahuanaco or Tihuanacu) was one of the first imperial states in South America, dominating portions of what is now southern Peru, northern Chile, and eastern Bolivia for approximately four hundred years (AD 550-950). The capital city, also called Tiwanaku, was located on the southern shores of Lake Titicaca, on the border between Bolivia and Peru. Tiwanaku Basin Chronology The city of Tiwanaku emerged as a major ritual-political center in the southeastern Lake Titicaca Basin as early as the Late Formative/Early Intermediate period (100 BC-AD 500), and expanded greatly in extent and monumentality during the later part of the period. After 500 AD, Tiwanaku was transformed into an expansive urban center, with far-flung colonies of its own. Tiwanaku I (Qalasasaya), 250 BC-AD 300, Late FormativeTiwanaku III (Qeya), AD 300-475Tiwanaku IV (Tiwanaku Period), AD 400-800, Andean Middle HorizonTiwanaku V, AD 800-1150hiatus Inca Empire, AD 1400-1532 Tiwanaku City The capital city of Tiwanaku lies in the high river basins of the Tiwanaku and Katari rivers, at altitudes between 3,800 and 4,200 meters (12,500-13,880 feet) above sea level. Despite its location at such a high altitude, and with frequent frosts and thin soils, perhaps as many as 20,000 people lived in the city at its heyday. During the Late Formative period, the Tiwanaku Empire was in direct competition with the Huari empire, located in central Peru. Tiwanaku style artifacts and architecture have been discovered throughout the central Andes, a circumstance that has been attributed to imperial expansion, dispersed colonies, trading networks, a spread of ideas or a combination of all these forces. Crops and Farming The basin floors where Tiwanaku city was built were marshy and flooded seasonally because of snow melt from the Quelcceya ice cap. The Tiwanaku farmers used this to their advantage, constructing elevated sod platforms or raised fields on which to grow their crops, separated by canals. These raised agricultural field systems stretched the capacity of the high plains to allow for protection of crops through frost and drought periods. Large aqueducts were also constructed at satellite cities such as Lukurmata and Pajchiri. Because of the high elevation, crops grown by the Tiwanaku were limited to frost-resistant plants such as potatoes and quinoa. Llama caravans brought maize and other trade goods up from lower elevations. The Tiwanaku had large herds of domesticated alpaca and llama  and hunted wild guanaco and vicuà ±a. Stone Work Stone was of primary importance to Tiwanaku identity: although the attribution is not certain, the city may have been called Taypikala (Central Stone) by its residents. The city is characterized by elaborate, impeccably carved and shaped stonework in its buildings, which are a striking blend of yellow-red-brown locally-available in its buildings, which are a striking blend of yellow-red-brown locally-available sandstone, and greenish-bluish volcanic andesite from farther away. Recently, Janusek and colleagues have argued that the variation is tied to a political shift at Tiwanaku. The earliest buildings, constructed during the Late Formative period, were principally built of sandstone. Yellowish to reddish brown sandstones were used in architectural revetments, paved floors, terrace foundations, subterranean canals, and a host of other structural features. Most of the monumental stelae, which depict personified ancestral deities and animate natural forces, are also made of sandstone. Recent studies have identified the location of the quarries in the foothills of the Kimsachata mountains, southeast of the city. The introduction of bluish to greenish gray andesite happens at the start of the Tiwanaku period (AD 500-1100), at the same time as Tiwanaku began to expand its power regionally. Stoneworkers and masons began to incorporate the heavier volcanic rock from more distant ancient volcanoes and igneous outgroups, recently identified at mounts Ccapia and Copacabana in Peru. The new stone was denser and harder, and the stonemasons used it to build on a larger scale than before, including large pedestals and trilithic portals. In addition, the workers replaced some sandstone elements in the older buildings with new andesite elements. Monolithic Stelae Present at Tiwanaku city and other Late Formative centers are stelae, stone statues of personages. The earliest are made of reddish-brown sandstone. Each of these early ones depicts a single anthropomorphic individual, wearing distinctive facial ornaments or painting. The persons arms are folded across his or her chest, with one hand sometimes placed over the other. Beneath the eyes are lightning bolts; and the personages are wearing minimal clothing, consisting of a sash, skirt, and headgear. The early monoliths are decorated with sinuous living creatures such as felines and catfish, often rendered symmetrically and in pairs. Scholars suggest that these might represent images of a mummified ancestor. Later, about 500 AD, the stelae change in style. These later stelae are carved from andesite, and the persons depicted have impassive faces and wear elaborately woven tunics, sashes, and headgear of elites. The people in these carvings have three-dimensional shoulders, head, arms, legs, and feet. They often hold equipment associated with the use of hallucinogens: a kero vase full of fermented chicha and a snuff tablet for hallucinogenic resins. There is more variations of dress and body decoration among the later stelae, including face markings and hair tresses, which may represent individual rulers or dynastic family heads; or different landscape features and their associated deities. Scholars believe these represent living ancestral hosts rather than mummies. Trade and Exchange After about 500 AD, there is clear evidence that Tiwanaku established a pan-regional system of multi-community ceremonial centers in Peru and Chile. The centers had terraced platforms, sunken courts and a set of religious paraphernalia in what is called Yayamama style. The system was connected back to Tiwanaku by trading caravans of llamas, trading goods such as maize, coca, chili peppers, plumage from tropical birds, hallucinogens, and hardwoods. The diasporic colonies endured for hundreds of years, originally established by a few Tiwanaku individuals but also supported by in-migration. Radiogenic strontium and oxygen isotope analysis of the Middle Horizon Tiwanaku colony at Rio Muerto, Peru, found that a small number of the people buried at Rio Muerto were born elsewhere and traveled as adults. Scholars suggest they may have been interregional elites, herders, or caravan drovers. Collapse of Tiwanaku After 700 years, the Tiwanaku civilization disintegrated as a regional political force. This happened about 1100 AD, and resulted, at least one theory goes, from the effects of climate change, including a sharp decrease in rainfall. There is evidence that the groundwater level dropped and the raised field beds failed, leading to a collapse of agricultural systems in both the colonies and the heartland. Whether that was the sole or most important reason for the end of the culture is debated. Archaeological Ruins of Tiwanaku Satellites and Colonies Bolivia: Lukurmata, Khonkho Wankane, Pajchiri, Omo, Chiripa, Qeyakuntu, Quiripujo, Juchuypampa Cave, Wata Wata Chile: San Pedro de Atacama Peru: Chan Chan, Rio Muerto, Omo Sources The best source for detailed Tiwanaku information has to be Alvaro Higuerass Tiwanaku and Andean Archaeology. Baitzel SI, and Goldstein PS. 2014. More than the sum of its parts: Dress and social identity in a provincial Tiwanaku child burial. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 35:51-62.Becker SK, and Alconini S. 2015. Head Extraction, Interregional Exchange, and Political Strategies of Control at the Site of Wata Wata, Kallawaya Territory, Bolivia, during the Transition between the Late Formative and Tiwanaku Periods (A.D. 200-800). Latin American Antiquity 26(1):30-48.Hu D. 2017. War or peace? Assessing the rise of the Tiwanaku state through projectile-point analysis. Lithics: The Journal of the Lithic Studies Society 37:84-86.Janusek JW. 2016. Processions, Ritual Movements, and the Ongoing Production of Pre-Columbian Societies, with a Perspective from Tiwanaku. Processions in the Ancient Americas: Occasional Papers in Anthropology at Penn State 33(7).Janusek JW, Williams PR, Golitko M, and Aguirre CL. 2013. Building Taypikala: Telluric Transformations in the Lithic Production of Tiwana ku. In: Tripcevich N, and Vaughn KJ, editors. Mining and Quarrying in the Ancient Andes: Springer New York. p 65-97. Knudson KJ, Gardella KR, and Yaeger J. 2012. Provisioning Inka feasts at Tiwanaku, Bolivia: the geographic origins of camelids in the Pumapunku complex. Journal of Archaeological Science 39(2):479-491.Knudson KJ, Goldstein PS, Dahlstedt A, Somerville A, and Schoeninger MJ. 2014. Paleomobility in the Tiwanaku Diaspora: Biogeochemical analyses at Rio Muerto, Moquegua, Peru. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 155(3):405-421.Niemeyer HM, Salazar D, Tricallotis HH, and Peà ±a-Gà ³mez FT. 2015. New Insights into the Tiwanaku Style of Snuff Trays from San Pedro de Atacama, Northern Chile. Latin American Antiquity 26(1):120-136.Somerville AD, Goldstein PS, Baitzel SI, Bruwelheide KL, Dahlstedt AC, Yzurdiaga L, Raubenheimer S, Knudson KJ, and Schoeninger MJ. 2015. Diet and gender in the Tiwanaku colonies: Stable isotope analysis of human bone collagen and apatite from Moquegua, Peru. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 158(3):408-422.